矿井瓦斯危险状态评价研究

运用模糊系统理论,按照瓦斯危险状态存在的模糊客观性,提出了瓦斯危险状态评价语言因于描述方法;结合提出的矿井瓦斯危险状态程度及其存在程度的可能性度量方法,构成了瓦斯危险状态评价的多值化描述方法,而且包含了更多的状态描述信息,对指标间相互关联制约作用进行了进一步的研究,挖掘了指标间相互关联制约对评价结论的本质影响．     

汇流阈值对提取叶尔羌河上游流域面积高程积分的影响

不同地貌单元,其汇流阈值的界定差异较大,而不同的汇流阈值直接影响河流长度、河网密度以及集水区面积的提取结果,因此,汇流阈值的界定是提取流域面积高程积分的关键.以叶尔羌河上游流域为研究对象,基于不同分辨率数字高程模型数据对叶尔羌河上游流域面积高程积分的提取结果,确定适宜分辨率的数字高程模型数据,探讨不同汇流阈值对叶尔羌河上游流域面积高程积分的影响.结果显示:(1)所选不同分辨率高程(DEM)数据提取的叶尔羌河上游流域面积高程积分的参数和空间分布特征变化较小,面积高程积分对数字高程数据的分辨率依赖性不强.(2)整体上,叶尔羌河上游流域面积高程积分最大值随汇流阈值的增大呈阶段性减小趋势,最小值呈阶段性增加趋势,均值呈波动状态,但逐渐趋于稳定.当汇流阈值为27000时,面积高程积分均值、最大值和最小值均趋于稳定,其可能是提取叶尔羌河上游流域面积高程积分的稳定阈值.     

Estimating rate constants of contaminant removal in constructed wetlands treating winery effluent: A comparison of three different methods

In this paper we investigated the use of three different methods for determining the rate constants for degradation of winery effluent within a sub-surface flow constructed wetland (CW). These methods comprised of using a dispersed plug flow (the Peclet) equation; a tanks-in-series (TIS) equation; and analysing the residence time distribution (RTD) directly. The last of these is described by the convolution integral (CI). We demonstrated self-similarity of the RTDs, which meant that the system's hydraulics were similar throughout the CW. We therefore extrapolated the RTD data to develop a more complete understanding of the hydraulic properties of the CW and examine how they affected the kinetics of degradation. We found that whilst both the Peclet and the TIS equation were able to predict concentration within the CW, this required the optimisation of more than one variable at the same time rendering a result that was more of a modelling exercise than a useful design tool. The CI method could be applied to predict system parameters effectively. We used it to measure rate constants of removal for both ethanol and potassium (key species for tracking the degradation/treatment of the effluent). Acetic acid, however, did not degrade implying that the CW operated aerobically. The concentration of sodium increased very slightly, indicating that it is not bioremediated/removed and that there are some minor evapotranspirative effects. The rate constant found for the biodegradation of COD was found to have significantly more uncertainty associated with it than the measurement of the rate of degradation individual components and we therefore posit that it is better to describe the processes of degradation by tracking individual components rather than lumped parameters.     

单巷单机掘进通风系统阻力数值积分法研究

基于计算流体力学和积分基本原理,将单巷单机掘进通风系统的总阻力划分为风筒阻力、掘进头阻力和均匀流巷道阻力三部分,并用不同的方法分别计算这三部分的阻力:掘进头阻力用数值模拟计算,风筒阻力和均匀流巷道阻力用积分求解,从而形成计算单巷单机掘进通风系统总阻力的数值积分法,以此来计算某矿的掘进通风系统阻力,且与常规方法计算的结果进行比较。比较发现:常规方法计算单巷单机掘进通风系统的总阻力不够准确,在于其忽略了掘进头阻力和均匀流巷道的阻力,而这两者阻力之和对掘进系统总阻力影响较大,不容忽视;用数值积分法计算则更加准确。     

Mathematical Model for Pollution Source Identification in Rivers

Release of pollution into rivers is required to be handled with special consideration to environmental standards. For this purpose, it is essential to specify the contribution of each pollution source in contamination of water resources. In this study, a mathematical model is proposed for determining locations and concentration release histories of polluting point sources using measured downstream river concentrations via an inverse problem framework. The inverse solution is based on the integral equation obtained from applying the Green's function method on the one-dimensional advection-dispersion contaminant transport equation. Discretization of this integral equation results in a linear, over-determined and ill-posed system of algebraic equations that are solved by using the Tikhonov regularization method. Several examples and some real field data are investigated to illustrate the abilities of the proposed model. Results imply that the proposed method is effective and can identify the pollution sources in rivers with acceptable accuracy.     

大客车侧翻过程中约束系统对乘客安全影响*

为研究约束系统对客车侧翻过程中乘客安全的影响，在经过试验验证的某客车侧翻碰撞有限元模型上截取部分车身截段，建立“车身截段-约束系统-乘员”侧翻仿真模型，开展不同约束条件下乘员运动响应和损伤的综合分析及评价。结果表明:满足《客车上部结构强度要求及试验方法》（GB 17578—2013）法规要求的客车在侧翻过程中仍然可能对乘员造成较严重的头部损伤风险；主动预紧安全带能够在侧翻碰撞过程中，有效缓解乘员的头部和颈部损伤程度；胸部损伤值受不同约束系统影响较小。     

苏州景观河道表层沉积物间隙水-上覆水中DOM特性分析

为了解苏州景观河道间隙水和上覆水中溶解性有机物（DOM）的特性和相互关系,利用紫外-可见吸收光谱、高效液相色谱和荧光光谱结合荧光区域积分法,分析了苏州城区自2020年汛期过后,7～9月景观河道沉积物间隙水和上覆水中的DOM的特性.结果表明,间隙水和上覆水中DOM的相对分子质量均为1 000左右,且随着时间的推移,相对分子质量均以相同的趋势变大.间隙水和上覆水中DOM均是类蛋白质类含量最高,质量分数达到68%～79%,类腐殖质含量较低,质量分数在21%～32%左右,而且均以低激发色氨酸占主导. 7～9月,间隙水中DOM含量大量提升后,上覆水中DOM含量逐渐提升,可能是源于夏季藻类暴发后沉积到河底,而后再裂解释放到间隙水和上覆水之中,间隙水和上覆水的荧光指标FI在7月时差异较大,而后以相同的变化趋势先增大后减小,但都大于1.2.自生源指标BIX值都大于0.8,且偏向于1.腐殖化指标HIX值均小于4,而且间隙水和上覆水都以相同的趋势变小.上覆水和间隙水中DOM的6个荧光组分之间均呈现相同的正相关（P<0.05）,低激发酪氨酸、a₂₅₄和HIX均存在显著相关性.苏州...     

危岩体断裂特性的网格重构数值仿真研究

危岩体稳定是三峡库区的主要关注点之一。为探究不同裂纹赋存形态以及不同降雨工况下危岩体断裂的变形特性,基于围道积分原理,在Abaqus平台上利用Python语言开发了基于断裂力学理论的危岩体任意裂纹扩展的网格重构数值模拟方法,该方法与以往危岩体裂纹扩展数值模拟方法相比,能够体现危岩体裂纹尖端的断裂力学特征,实现连续介质中的非连续表达。利用此方法对重庆市万州太白编号为W15的危岩体稳定性进行了数值仿真研究,结果表明:提出的基于断裂力学理论的网格重构新型数值模拟方法在危岩体裂纹扩展研究中的适应性良好,为危岩体断裂变形特性模拟提供了一种新的数值模拟方法;危岩体的最大主应力值和剪应力值随着裂隙角度的增大呈现先增后减的趋势,危岩体的水平位移值随着裂隙倾角的增大持续减小;随着裂隙角度的增大,裂隙对危岩体变形的影响逐渐减小,危岩体的水平位移主要集中于危岩体的突出部位;危岩体裂隙长度的增大对危岩体应力及变形的影响最大,使得危岩体的变形由危岩体的突出部位向裂隙处集中;暴雨工况下危岩体的变形及位移较之天然工况要大,是影响危岩体稳定的重要因素之一;危岩体裂纹朝着危岩体的突出部位进行扩展,主要受到Ⅰ型扩展主导,随着裂纹的不断扩展,危岩体裂纹尖端的Ⅰ型应力强度因子呈现指数型上升,Ⅱ型应力强度因子变化不大,危岩体初始裂纹长度越长,危岩体裂纹尖端的Ⅰ型应力强度因子和Ⅱ型应力强度因子的绝对值越大。     

Sampling Scale Effects in Random Fields and Implications for Environmental Monitoring

The concept of a sampling scale triplet of spacing, extent and support is used to define the spatial dimensions of a monitoring network or a field study. The spacing is the average distance between samples, the extent is the size of the domain sampled and the support is the averaging area of one sample. The aim of this paper is to examine what is the bias and the random error (uncertainty) introduced by the sampling scale triplet into estimates of the mean, the spatial variance and the integral scale of a variable in a landscape. The integral scale is a measure of the average distance over which a variable is correlated in space. A large number of two dimensional random fields are generated from which hypothetical samples, conforming to a certain sampling scale triplet, are drawn which in turn are used to estimate the sample mean, spatial variance and integral scale. The results indicate that the biases can be up to two orders of magnitude. The bias of the integral scale is positively related to the magnitude of any of the components of the scale triplet while the bias of the spatial variance is different for different components of the scale triplet. All sampling scale effects are relative to the underlying correlation length of the variable of interest which is closely related to the integral scale. The integral scale can hence be used for sampling design and data interpretation. Suggestions are given on how to adjust a monitoring network to the scales of the variables of interest and how to interpret sampling scale effects in environmental data.     

中国城乡一体化误区及有关公共政策建议

笔者对我国一些地方实施城乡一体化的结果作了实地考察。并在参考若干文献资料的基础上。对我国一些地方实施城乡一体化的误区作了分析。本文认为：从制度、机制角度提出的城乡一体化。在实践中发生了概念性误偏。畸变成了物质环境布局的一体化。结果未能收到预定成效。反而影响了地方的可持续发展。因此。要调整我国城乡一体化的公共政策。